Monetary history

It is now clear that the contemporary monetary system is coming to an end. Gold has grasped the stakes of such a collapse.

The Bank of France (BdF) has quietly completed the repatriation of French gold still held in the United States, bringing to an end nearly a century of partial storage abroad. The operation covered 129 tonnes of precious metal — around 5% of the country’s total reserves — previously held at the Fe...

Between wars, demonetization, exports, and resales, the actual amount of gold held by the French remains unknown. While the French have purchased nearly 240 tons of gold over the past fifteen years, their appetite for gold remains moderate compared to their neighbors. In this context, how can we...

The current period responds to historical dynamics that transcend it. We are at the end of a cycle, where phenomena similar to those we have already experienced are returning: record deficits, high debt, rising public spending, declining growth, unprecedented inequality, and, last but not least,...

Across the centuries, gold has functioned as currency, ornament, reserve, and metaphor—embodying the human desire for permanence in a world of change. In an age of crypto assets, artificial intelligence, and central bank digital currencies, its persistence raises a question both ancient and moder...

In 2026, the digital euro is set to take a new turn. While the euro has steadily lost value in recent decades and European countries' budgets are sinking into the red, this digital euro would serve as a relay to maintain the stability of the European monetary system. At a price that no one can ye...

Ray Dalio: "It seems to me indisputably true that gold is a money and it is the money that is least at risk of being devalued and/or confiscated. You should think of gold as being a fundamental money that you should own at least some of."

The era we are living in is, in many ways, similar to the period leading up to the Great War. Crises are multiplying and intertwining, powers are coming into conflict, divisions of all kinds are becoming more pronounced, isolationism is becoming a reality once again, and nothing seems to serve pe...

America's decline, economically, demographically, and socially, was becoming so obvious that it could only give way, as history has repeatedly shown, to the rise of a new superpower. But that was without taking into account the fact that China would follow the same path.

New powers and emerging countries have been encouraged to de-dollarize and buy gold, causing the value of the dollar to fall steadily. Furthermore, the United States, which constantly needs to find new buyers to finance its foreign debt, is facing increasing difficulties.